Evolving attitudes toward online education in Peruvian university students: A quantitative approach.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated universities' adaptation process toward online education, and it is necessary to know the students' attitudes toward this online education. Objective: To describe the evolution of the attitude toward online education among social science students at a public university in Peru in the academic year 2020, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: The study uses a quantitative approach, a descriptive level, a non-experimental design, and a longitudinal trend. The sample consisted of 1063 students at the beginning of the class period, 908 during the classes, and 1026 at the end of the class period. The questionnaire for data collection was the Attitude scale toward online education for university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data was collected using Google Forms. Results: As a result, the attitude towards online education was predominantly weak negative at the beginning (51.1 %) and during the classes (49.1 %), and weak positive (48.1 %) at the end of the class period. The changes were not significant when comparing the three moments, the levels of attitude toward, intention to adopt, ease of use, technical and pedagogical support, stressors, and need for online education (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: The evolution of the attitude towards online education in the sample had a non-significant positive trend. In the initial and process stages, a weak negative attitude prevailed due to the institution's inexperience and poor digital infrastructure; in the end, the attitude became weak and positive due to the adaptation and need for online education.

Factors associated with the use of medicines and self-medication during the COVID-19 pandemic in 12 Latin American countries.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered a rise in the global phenomenon of self-medication. The use of medicines with unsubstantiated claims of benefit for the prevention and/or treatment of infected people has been widely adopted. Objective: To determine the factors associated with the use of medicines and self-medication by Latin American populations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted via an analysis of secondary data collected from 8777 responses from 12 Latin American countries obtained from a survey on the use of medicines and self-medication during the pandemic. Results: Respondents who reported using Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, or antibiotics (ABx) disclosed this as self-medication in 26.9%, 16.6%, and 9.7% of cases respectively. In our multivariate analysis, significant associations were found between: self-medication by individual choice and the use of Hydroxychloroquine, ABx, or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (p = 0.026, = 0.003, and <0.001 respectively); self-medication on the recommendation of a family member, with ABx, Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, or other NSAIDs (p <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, and <0.001 respectively); and self-medication on the recommendation of another person, with Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, Penicillin, other ABx, Warfarin, Ivermectin, Paracetamol, Ibuprofen, or other NSAIDs (p <0.001, <0.001, <0.001, = 0.001, <0.001, <0.001, = 0.004, <0.001, <0.001, and <0.001 respectively). Conclusion: There was a significantly high prevalence of self-medication in our Latin American study population, including the use of medicines not recommended for COVID-19 treatment and/or prevention. The implementation of public health measures aimed at combating the worrying COVID-19 infodemic is essential to prevent this ongoing issue and its associated negative impacts on both current public health and future medication efficacy. This is especially important in the case of ABx due to the threat of a future antimicrobial resistance pandemic.

Estados afectivos emocionales y desgaste profesional durante la atención de pacientes con covid-19

Introducción: Los efectos directos de la Covid-19 fueron más allá del espectro de manifestaciones clínicas propias de la enfermedad, también se evidenciaron cambios en los estados afectivos de la persona. Objetivo: Determinar la relación de los estados afectivos emocionales con el desgaste profesional al atender a pacientes afectados por la Covid-19, en el Hospital Materno Infantil, durante el 2020. Métodos: Fue un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo observacional, transversal, prospectivo y analítico. Se trabajó con una población censal de 180 trabajadores asistenciales, a quienes se les aplicó un inventario de desgaste profesional y una escala de ansiedad, estrés y depresión (DASS-21), las cuales fueron previamente validadas. En la contrastación de hipótesis se utilizó la prueba X2, con un p < 0,05. Resultados: Se halló relación entre el nivel de ansiedad y el nivel de desgaste laboral del personal de salud (X2 = 18,533; p = 0,000). Hubo relación entre el nivel de estrés y el nivel de desgaste laboral entre dichas variables (X2 = 12,808; p = 0,000). Finalmente, se halló relación entre el nivel de depresión y el desgaste laboral (X2 = 13,618; p = 0,000). Conclusiones: Se evidenció que el 5,6 % (10) presentaron estados afectivos alterados y desgaste laboral.

Introduction: The direct effects of Covid-19 went beyond the spectrum of clinical manifestations of the disease, changes in the affective states of the person were also evidenced. Objective: To determine the relationship between emotional affective states and professional burnout when attending patients affected by Covid-19, in Hospital Materno Infantil, during 2020. Methods: It was a quantitative, observational, cross-sectional, prospective, and analytical study. It worked with a census population of 180 healthcare workers, who were applied an inventory of professional burnout and a scale of anxiety, stress, and depression (DASS-21), which were previously validated.The X2 test was used for hypothesis testing, with a p < 0.05. Results: We found a relationship between the level of anxiety and the level of professional burnout of health personnel (X2 = 18.533; p = 0.000). There was a relationship between the level of stress and the level of professional burnout between these variables (X2 = 12.808; p = 0.000). Finally, we found a relationship between the level of depression and professional burnout (X2 = 13.618; p = 0.000). Conclusions: It was evident that 5.6% (10) presented altered affective states and professional burnout.

Nefropatía diabética, condiciones de salud y estilos de vida en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2

Introducción: La nefropatía diabética es considerada un problema de salud pública de alta prevalencia, el cual tiene como principal factor de riesgo al estilo de vida no saludable que tiende a deteriorar la calidad de vida del individuo. Objetivo: "Relacionar el grado de nefropatía diabética, las condiciones de salud y los estilos de vida en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) del Hospital Hermilio Valdizán Medrano de Huánuco (Perú), durante el 2019". Métodos: Fue un estudio cuantitativo, de tipo observacional, transversal y ambiretrospectivo. La muestra fueron 112 pacientes con diagnóstico de DM2. Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes para evaluar el grado de nefropatía diabética, las condiciones de salud y también se les aplicó un cuestionario sobre estilos de vida. Para la contrastación de la hipótesis se utilizó la prueba Tau-c de Kendall. Resultados: Un 35,7 % tuvo nefropatía diabética grado 1 levemente aumentada; el 47, 3 % (53) tuvo una regular condición de salud. Con respecto al estilo de vida, un 69,6 % (78) tuvo un estilo de vida poco saludable. También se halló relación positiva y directa (Tc = 0,789; p = 0,000) entre las buenas condiciones de salud y la nefropatía diabética de grado 1 levemente aumentada. Conclusión: El grado de nefropatía diabética tiene relación significativa con las condiciones de salud y los estilos de vida saludables.

Introduction: Diabetic nephropathy is considered a highly prevalent public health problem, whose main risk factor is the unhealthy lifestyle that tends to deteriorate the quality of life of the individual. Objective: To relate the degree of diabetic nephropathy, health conditions and lifestyles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at the Hermilio Valdizán Medrano Hospital in Huánuco (Peru), during 2019. Methods: It was a study with quantitative approach, observational, cross-sectional and ambiretrospective type. The sample consisted of 112 patients with a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The patients' medical records were reviewed to assess the degree of diabetic nephropathy, health conditions and a questionnaire on lifestyles was also applied. Kendall's Tau-c test was used to test the hypothesis. Results: It was found that a large proportion of the study sample (35.7%) had slightly increased grade 1 diabetic nephropathy; 47.3% (53) had a regular health condition. With respect to lifestyle, 69.6 % (78) had an unhealthy lifestyle. A positive and direct relationship (Tc = 0.789; p = 0.000) was also found between good health conditions and mildly increased grade 1 diabetic nephropathy. Conclusion: The degree of diabetic nephropathy has significant relationship with health conditions and healthy lifestyles.

Creencias y prácticas culturales de uso de plantas medicinales en el contexto de la COVID-19 en pobladores de la Sierra y Selva Central de Perú

Objetivo: identificar los usos de plantas medicinales en el contexto de la COVID-19 de acuerdo a creencias y prácticas culturales de pobladores de la Sierra y Selva Central del Perú. Métodos: investigación observacional, transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo. Se consideró el muestreo no probabilístico de 595 sujetos voluntarios (pobladores), quienes respondieron un cuestionario debidamente validado y con fiabilidad. Las hipótesis fueron contrastadas con probabilidad de éxito = 1/10, al 95 % de confianza estadística. Resultados: los resultados indican que en los momentos más críticos de la pandemia COVID-19, los pobladores de la Sierra y Selva Central del Perú usaron plantas medicinales (eucalipto, jengibre, ajo, matico, limón, cebolla, manzanilla y borrajas) para prevenir y tratar los síntomas ocasionados por el SARS-CoV-2, a consecuencia de las creencias y las prácticas culturales que tienen sobre los efectos deseados de sus propiedades antiinflamatorias y descongestionantes, expectorantes, antitusígenas y antivirales. Conclusiones: las plantas medicinales, como el eucalipto, jengibre, ajo, mático, limón, la cebolla, manzanilla y borrajas, fueron las más utilizadas como alternativa en la prevención y tratamiento de síntomas de la COVID-19.

Objective: identify the uses of medicinal plants in the context of COVID-19 according to beliefs and cultural knowledge of inhabitants of the Sierra and Central Jungle of Peru. Methods: observational, cross-sectional research, with a quantitative approach. The nonprobabilistic sampling of 595 voluntary subjects (residents), who answered a duly validated and reliable questionnaire, was considered. The hypotheses were contrasted with probability of success = 1/10, at 95% statistical confidence. Results: the results indicate that in the most critical moments of the COVID-19 pandemic, the inhabitants of the Sierra and Central Selva of Peru used medicinal plants (eucalyptus, ginger, garlic, matico, lemon, onion, chamomile and borage) to prevent and treat the symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2, as a result of cultural beliefs and knowledge about the desired effects of its anti-inflammatory and decongestant, expectorant, antitussive, and antiviral properties. Conclusions: medicinal plants, such as eucalyptus, ginger, garlic, matico, lemon, onion, chamomile and borage, were the most used as an alternative in the prevention and treatment of symptoms of COVID-19.

Fortalecimiento y promoción de la Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Strengthening and promotion of the Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud during the COVID-19 pandemic / Fortalecimento e promoção da Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud durante a pandemia da COVID-19

La Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud (RPCS) es editada y publicada por la Universidad de Huánuco a través de su Oficina Editorial y en colaboración con los miembros -tanto a nivel nacional e internacional- del comité editorial y científico (1). Durante su historia, la revista se ha caracterizado por su constante dedicación en fortalecer y promover su visibilidad en el entorno académico y científico. Esta editorial tiene como objetivo presentar un sumario de las acciones realizadas en este contexto y de los efectos e impactos esperados.

The Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud (RPCS) is edited and published by the Universidad de Huánuco through its Editorial Office and in collaboration with the national and international members of the editorial and scientific committee (1). During its history, the journal has been characterized by its constant dedication to strengthen and promote its visibility in the academic and scientific environment. The purpose of this editorial is to present a summary of the actions carried out in this context and the expected effects and impacts.

A Revista Peruana de Ciencias de la Salud (RPCS) é editada e publicada pela Universidade de Huánuco através de seu Escritório Editorial e em colaboração com os membros nacionais e internacionais do comitê editorial e científico (1). Durante sua história, a revista tem sido caracterizada por sua constante dedicação em fortalecer e promover sua visibilidade no ambiente acadêmico e científico. Este editorial visa apresentar um resumo das ações realizadas neste contexto e os efeitos e impactos esperados.

Factores asociados a inadecuadas prácticas de distanciamiento social durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Perú / Factors associated to inadequate practices of social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru

Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a inadecuadas prácticas de distanciamiento social durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en Perú. Material y métodos. Se administró una encuesta en línea dirigida para adultos de diversas regiones del Perú seleccionados mediante un muestreo por bola de nieve, la encuesta incluía una escala para la medición de prácticas de distanciamiento social, el uso de la información, el afrontamiento emocional frente al coronavirus y características sociodemográficas. Se realizó un análisis bivariado y multivariado utilizando razones de prevalencia cruda (RP) y ajustadas (RPa) con intervalos de confianza al 95 % por medio de modelos lineales generalizados. Resultados. Se incluyeron 377 personas de los cuales el 55,4 % fueron hombres y 77,5 % residían fuera de Lima, el 35 % de los encuestados tuvo inadecuadas prácticas de distanciamiento social lo que estuvo asociado con tener primaria o secundaria incompleta (RPa 1,41, IC 95 %: 1,11 a 1,81), inadecuado uso de la información (RPa 2,82, IC 95 %: 1,98 a 4,05) e inadecuado afrontamiento emocional frente al coronavirus (RPa 1,76, IC 95 %: 1,27 a 2,42). Conclusión. Personas con menor grado de instrucción, inadecuado uso de la información y con un negativo afrontamiento emocional frente al coronavirus tienen mayor probabilidad de inadecuadas prácticas de distanciamiento social.

Objective: To determine the factors associated with inadequate social distancing practices during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru. Material and methods. A targeted online survey was administered to adults from various regions of Peru selected by snowball sampling. The survey included a scale for measuring social distancing practices, use of information, emotional coping with the coronavirus, and sociodemographic characteristics. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed using crude (PR) and adjusted (aPR) prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals by means of generalized linear models. Results. We included 377 people of whom 55.4 % were men and 77.5 % resided outside Lima, 35 % of the respondents had inadequate social distancing practices which was associated with having incomplete primary or secondary school (RPa 1.41, 95 % CI: 1.11 to 1.81), inadequate use of information (PRa 2.82, 95 % CI: 1.98 to 4.05) and inadequate emotional coping in the face of coronavirus (PRa 1.76, 95 % CI: 1.27 to 2.42). Conclusion. People with lower educational level, inadequate use of information and negative emotional coping with coronavirus are more likely to have inadequate social distancing practices.

Percepción De Conocimientos Y Actitudes Frente A COVID-19 En Un Grupo De Ciudadanos De La Zona Urbana De Huánuco / Perception of knowledge and attitudes towards COVID-19 in a group of citizens in the urban area of Huánuco

Objetivo. Identificar la relación entre los conocimientos y el tipo de actitudes frente a la COVID-19 en los ciudadanos de la zona urbana de Huánuco. Métodos. Estudio observacional, descriptivo y transversal, con enfoque cuantitativo; realizado en la ciudad de Huánuco, 2020. La muestra fueron 168 ciudadanos. Se aplicaron un cuestionario de conocimientos y una escala de actitudes frente a la COVID-19 previamente validados. Se aplicó la prueba χ² de Pearson y el coeficiente de correlación (rho) de Spearman. Resultados. Al analizar el tipo de conocimiento frente a la COVID-19, el 62,5 % (105) de la muestra se ubicó en la categoría "desconoce". Analizando el tipo de actitudes percibidos por los ciudadanos frente a la COVID-19, el 36,9 % (62) tuvieron actitudes positivas, mientras que el 63,1 % (106) presentó actitudes negativas. Contrastando la relación del conocimiento y el tipo de actitudes frente a la COVID-19, se encontró significancia estadística entre ambas variables (p <0,005). El grado de escolaridad presentó relación significativa con los conocimientos sobre la COVID-19 (r = 0,314; p < 0,000). Conclusión. Existe relación directa entre los conocimientos y el tipo de actitudes frente a la COVID-19 en los ciudadanos de la zona urbana de Huánuco; es decir, existe desconocimiento sobre la COVID-ia19 y, a su vez, la gran mayoría evidencia actitudes negativas.

Objective. To identify relationship between knowledge and type of attitudes towards COVID-19 in the citizens of the urban area of Huánuco. Methods. Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach. It was carried out in the city of Huánuco, 2020. Sample comprised 168 citizens. A previously validated knowledge questionnaire and an attitudes scale towards COVID-19 were applied. Pearson's χ² test and Spearman's correlation coefficient (rho) were applied. Results. When analyzing the type of knowledge regarding COVID-19, 62.5% (105) of the sample was located in the category "unknown". Analyzing the type of attitudes perceived by citizens towards COVID-19, 36.9% (62) had positive attitudes, while 63.1% (106) presented negative attitudes. Contrasting the relationship of knowledge and the type of attitudes towards COVID-19, statistical significance was found between both variables (p <0.005). The level of education presented a significant relationship with knowledge about COVID-19 (r = 0.314; p <0.000). Conclusion. There is a direct relationship between the knowledge and the type of attitudes towards COVID-19 in the citizens of the urban area of Huánuco. In other words, there is ignorance about COVID-19. The vast majority show negative attitudes.

Método de aprendizaje colaborativo vs aprendizaje tradicional en la formación investigativa en estudiantes de medicina / Collaborative learning method vs. traditional learning in research training for medical students

INTRODUCCIÓN: existen diversas estrategias didácticas en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje; es poco conocida la percepción de la efectividad del método de enseñanza mediante aprendizaje colaborativo, frente al aprendizaje tradicional. OBJETIVO: determinar la efectividad del método de aprendizaje colaborativo en comparación al aprendizaje tradicional en la formación investigativa. METODOLOGÍA: estudio analítico y transversal, desarrollado entre 2018 y 2019; la población muestral estuvo conformada por 46 estudiantes de Medicina. Se determinó la efectividad del aprendizaje colaborativo y aprendizaje tradicional mediante el rendimiento académico a través de un test y la percepción de la efectividad de ambos métodos mediante un cuestionario. Para el análisis estadístico inferencial se empleó la prueba de X² y la T de Student, considerándose un p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: del promedio de edad de los estudiantes fue de 25 años (rango: 22-39), 29 (63 %) fueron mujeres. El nivel de aprendizaje académico muy bueno fue mayor con el método del aprendizaje colaborativo en comparación al método de aprendizaje tradicional (47,83 % vs. 4,35 %; p = 0,000). Asimismo, con el aprendizaje tradicional se alcanzó un porcentaje significativo de aprendizaje académico regular en comparación al método de aprendizaje colaborativo (36,96 % vs. 6,52 %; p = 0,004). El nivel de aprendizaje de conocimientos sobre el proceso de investigación científica según el rendimiento académico fue mayor con la aplicación del aprendizaje colaborativo en comparación al grupo con aprendizaje tradicional (13,8 ± 2,1 vs. 11,6 ± 3; p = 0,0015). CONCLUSIÓN: la percepción satisfactoria de la efectividad del método de aprendizaje colaborativo fue mayor en comparación al aprendizaje tradicional para la formación investigativa.

INTRODUCTION: there are several didactic strategies in the teaching-learning process; the perception of the effectiveness of the teaching method through collaborative learning, as opposed to traditional learning, is little known OBJECTIVES: to determine the effectiveness of the collaborative learning method compared to traditional learning in research training. METHODOLOGY: analytical and cross-sectional study, developed between 2018 and 2019; the sample population consisted of 46 medical students. The effectiveness of collaborative learning and traditional learning was determined by academic performance through a test and the perception of the effectiveness of both methods through a questionnaire. For the inferential statistical analysis, the X² test and Student's t-test were used, considering a p < 0.05. RESULTS: the average age of the students was 25 years (range: 22-39), 29 (63 %) were women. The level of very good academic learning was higher with the collaborative learning method compared to the traditional learning method (47.83 % vs. 4.35 %; p = 0.000). Likewise, a significant percentage of fair academic learning was achieved with the traditional learning method compared to the collaborative learning method (36.96 % vs. 6.52 %; p = 0.004). The level of learning knowledge about the scientific research process according to academic performance was higher with the application of collaborative learning compared to the group with traditional learning (13.8 ± 2.1 vs. 11.6 ± 3; p = 0.0015). CONCLUSIONS: The satisfactory perception of the effectiveness of the collaborative learning method was higher compared to traditional learning for research training.

Predictores biosocioculturales y estilos de vida de los estudiantes universitarios de una universidad de Huánuco / Predictors biosocioculturales and lifestyles of university student in an university of Huánuco

Objetivos: determinar la relación entre los predictores biosocioculturales y los estilos de vida de los estudiantes universitarios. Material y métodos: investigación cuantitativa, de tipo transversal, analítico, prospectivo y observacional; con diseño correlacional. La población fue de 3261 estudiantes de la Universidad Privada de Huánuco, con una muestra de 343,7 estudiantes, seleccionados probabilísticamente por estratos, a quienes se les aplicó un cuestionario de predictores y una escala de estilos de vida, previamente validados. Se tuvo en cuenta los aspectos éticos de la investigación. Se realizó un análisis bivariado mediante la prueba Chi Cuadrado de Pearson, con p≤0,05; apoyados en el PASW V20.0. Resultados: se comprobó la relación entre la condición de pertenecer al grupo adolescente [X2 =15,54; Gl 3 y p = 0.00] y la realización de trabajo paralelo al estudio [X2 =18,8; Gl 3 y p = 0.00] con el estilo de vida poco saludable. El pertenecer al género masculino [X2 =13,35; Gl 3 y p = 0.00] se relaciona con el estilo de vida saludable. No hubo relación entre la procedencia de la zona urbana [X2 =1,00; X2 =13,35; Gl 3 y p = 0.80], la tenencia de algún compromiso conyugal [X2 =13,35; GL 3 y p = 0,44], la tenencia de alguna religión [X2 =2,86; Gl 3 y p = 0.41] y la condición de cursar más del VI ciclo académico [X2 =1,10; Gl 3 y p = 0.781] con el estilo de vida saludable. Conclusiones: los predictores biológicos están relacionados con los estilos de vida saludable y poco saludables de los estudiantes.

Objectives: to determine the relationship between predictors and biosocioculturales lifestyles of college students. Material and Methods: quantitative research, transversal, analytical, prospective observational; with correlational design. The population was 3, 261 students of the Private University of Huanuco, with a sample of 343. 7 students, probabilistically selected by strata, who were applied a questionnaire and a scale predictors lifestyles, previously validated. the ethical aspects of the research was taken into account. A bivariate analysis was performed by Chi Square test of Pearson, with p≤0.05; supported by the PASW V20.0. Results: the relationship between the condition of belonging to the teen group [X2 = 15.54 was found; Gl 3 and p = 0.00] and performing work parallel to the study [X2 = 18.8; Gl 3 and p = 0.00] with unhealthy life style. The male gender [X2 = 13.35; Gl 3 and p = 0.00] is related to healthy lifestyle. There was no relationship between the origin of the urban area [X2 = 1.00; X2 = 13.35; Gl 3 and p = 0.80], possession of a marital commitment [X2 = 13.35; GL 3 and p = 0.44], possession of any religion [X2 = 2.86; Gl 3 and p = 0.41] and the condition of pursuing academic year more than VI [X2 = 1.10; Gl 3 and p = 0.781] with healthy lifestyle. Conclusions: biological predictors are related to healthy lifestyles and unhealthy students.